wheat plant

The wheat plant has leaves, long and narrow stems and is compatible with rainfall between 30 and 90 cm in temperate regions. Wheat is grown twice a year: spring and winter. Spring wheat is planted in spring and winter wheat in autumn. Every year in Iran, wheat planting is very important in terms of production and cultivated area. In Iran, the most cultivated area (almost 4 million hectares) belongs to wheat. With the use of chemical fertilizers, if you use them in a balanced amount, both the soil is modified and the nutrients of the soil are preserved.

In order to plant wheat, one should pay attention to the water content and water scarcity of the land under cultivation, because if the land under cultivation does not have sufficient drainage, fertilization will not be effective. In this case, if the irrigation is flooded and static, the wheat will suffer severe damage. If the soil and the amounts of nutrients in it are not managed properly, this will reduce the production and yield of wheat and its quality. This deficiency can be compensated through chemical and organic fertilizers.

Nitrogen:

Nitrogen is the first element required for the wheat plant, and due to the weather conditions and low organic matter, the lack of this element is seen in most cultivated areas.

Nitrogen deficiency is the most widespread and common lack of nutrients in cereals. Since wheat is very sensitive to low nitrogen, the lack of this element may cause a decrease in the size of the wheat and the weakening of the seeds. The most important role of nitrogen in plants is for protein production. In addition, this element is effective in the production of chlorophyll and consequently photosynthetic activity. Plants that grow with enough nitrogen grow faster and are greener and healthier.

Older leaves become pale and yellower than young leaves, and chlorosis (pale color) occurs at the tips of the leaves. This chlorosis turns light green at the base of the leaves. Nitrogen deficiency in plants causes the older leaves to wither and eventually stop growing, and the amount of this deficiency also causes a decrease in protein yield.

Nitrogen element can play a role in improving wheat yield. Chemical fertilizers containing nitrogen can have a favorable effect. These fertilizers can be effective in stimulating root growth, early crop, good seed development, increasing the number of spikes, increasing the percentage of filled spikes and increasing the amount of seed protein.

Phosphorus:

Phosphorus element is also very important in improving wheat yield; To the extent that this element stimulates root growth, early harvest, increasing tillering, increasing the number of clusters and finally good seed development.

One of the most obvious symptoms of phosphorus deficiency in the early stages of vegetative growth of wheat is the decrease in plant growth and ability. All plants suffering from phosphorus deficiency have changed to dark green color and dark and light colored spots appear on old leaves. Specific symptoms are seen in older leaves, chlorosis starts from the tip of the old leaf and spreads towards the base of the leaf, but they remain dark green like other parts of the plant.

Potassium:

Potassium is also effective in optimal growth and better performance in wheat plants, so that this element improves photosynthesis, increases resistance to some diseases, increases stem strength and strength, increases water use efficiency, and increases grain filling. increasing the number of clusters, increasing the size and weight of seeds, and increasing the yield of nitrogen fertilizers. It should be noted that this plant needs chemical fertilizers containing potassium more than other stages during the stemming stage (and after).

Potassium deficiency in wheat always occurs in old leaves in the form of necrotic spots along the length of the leaf and spreads very quickly to the edges and tips of the leaves. When the lack of potassium in wheat is severe, the appearance of the plant will suffer from drought stress.

The requirement of the wheat plant for potassium element is almost equal to nitrogen. Wheats need potassium when they reach the stem stage. Potassium deficiency in wheat causes spots on the leaves. If they are severely deficient in this element, wheat will become dry.

Sulphur:

Lack of sulfur causes problems in some areas. This element plays an important role in the formation of amino acids in the wheat plant and is ultimately effective in protein synthesis and increases the protein content of wheat grains. On the other hand, this element also plays a role in making chlorophyll, and if it is lacking, the leaves turn yellow. Sulfur has an important role in increasing the plant’s tolerance against dehydration by increasing plant strength and increasing the activity of oxidizing enzymes.

The role of micronutrients such as iron, manganese and zinc in wheat plants
Numerous experiments have been conducted in various regions, including the Zahak Agricultural Research Station in the Sistan region of southeastern Iran and the Euclid Agricultural Research Station in Fars. The results of these tests have shown the effectiveness of these factors effectively on the qualitative and quantitative growth of the wheat crop. The results showed that the interaction of the effects of zinc and manganese is effective on increasing the number of seeds per spike and grain yield, as well as the interaction of zinc and iron on the weight of 1000 seeds. The highest weight of 1000 seeds and the highest number of seeds was obtained from the application of zinc sulfate. Application of chemical fertilizer containing iron and zinc sulfate in the form of foliar spraying on foliage increased the concentration of zinc and iron. The application of chemical fertilizers containing manganese also on the foliage led to a 7% increase in the concentration of manganese in grains. The increase in zinc sulfate levels caused an increase in total dry weight in pollination stage and total biomass, plant dry weight in early shoot and dry weight of leaf, stem, spike and seed yield and harvest index in physiological ripening stage.

wheat plant

The results of these studies show that the application of zinc In soils that are deficient in zinc (many areas in the south of the country, calcareous soils with high pH and low organic matter), it can increase leaf and stem growth and ultimately increase vegetative growth, plant dry weight, seed yield, index harvest and generally increase the yield of the product in the plant. Also, the lack of zinc in plants causes a reduction in the production of auxin, photosynthetic substances and enzyme activities, proteins and carbohydrates, increasing the sensitivity of membranes to oxidants and finally reducing the growth of the plant. Decreased growth and smallness of the plant are also other symptoms of zinc deficiency.

The best fertilizer for wheat growth is phosphorus, which increases the number of tillers and the number of large grains, reduces losses in winter, maximizes efficiency in water consumption, and is associated with rapid maturity at harvest time.

Nitrogen must be available to the plant at all stages of growth. By increasing the amount of plant chlorophyll, nitrogen increases the photosynthetic activity and increases the plant’s energy level and protein production, which causes the plant cells and wheat leaf surface to enlarge. According to the weather conditions of our country, nitrogen deficiency can be seen in most regions. Supplying the nitrogen needed by wheat causes the grain to soften and whiten, increase the number of clusters, increase the growth of the grains, and increase the protein in the grains.

Potassium increases resistance to diseases, increases the efficiency of water consumption, increases the strength of the stems and fills the seeds.

Sulfur causes the formation of amino acid and as a result increases the protein synthesis and increases the protein of seeds. In addition, sulfur increases the activity of oxidizing enzymes, which increases the plant’s tolerance against dehydration.

Fertilization stages of wheat:

1- Nitrogen fertilizer, soluble fertilizers with phosphorus and humic acid in the form of irrigation

2- At the beginning of tillering, growth stimulants in the form of foliar spraying

3- At the time of tillering, apply nitrogen fertilizer in pure form and fertilizers containing micronutrients in the form of sprinkling, and soluble fertilizers with potassium in the form of irrigated fertilizers.

4- At the stage of stem formation and before the appearance of the clusters, apply nitrogen fertilizer in pure form, fertilizers containing micronutrients and humic acid in the form of foliar spraying, and soluble fertilizers with potassium in the form of irrigation

5- At the stage of emergence of seeds, nitrogen fertilizer in the form of foliar spraying

6- Nitrogenous fertilizers and nitrogenous fertilizers and soluble fertilizers with potassium in the form of foliar spraying during the pulping stage

According to the explanations given, chemical fertilizers containing three main elements nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium as well as fertilizers containing zinc and micronutrients can be effective in improving wheat plant performance. Cinco offers liquid and powder NPK fertilizers, as well as potassium sulfate (solo potash) and zinc sulfate.

Sources:

1) Imam, Y. 1382. Cereal farming Shiraz University Press.

2) Imam, Y. and Niknejad, M. 1373. An introduction to the physiology of crop plants. Shiraz University.

3) Mir Talebi, S.H. Khajapour, M. R. Hosseini, S. M. and Soleimani, A. 1391 Investigating the effect of zinc sulfate on the growth and development of wheat cultivars in North Fars. Journal of Plant Ecophysiology. fourth year Number 2.

4) Mohammad R. Pahlavan-Rada & Mohammad Pessarakli, Response of Wheat Plants to Zinc, Iron, and Manganese Applications and Uptake and Concentration of Zinc, Iron, and Manganese in Wheat Grains, Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 40: 1322 -1332, 2009.